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What Are the Certificate of Conformity and TTB? An Updated Guide to Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

What Are the Certificate of Conformity and TTB? An Updated Guide to Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

For foreign investors seeking to acquire Turkish citizenship by purchasing real estate in Türkiye, the process involves much more than simply purchasing a property. A number of legal and administrative factors must be assessed together, including whether the property is eligible for a citizenship application, whether the investment amount meets the threshold stipulated under the applicable legislation, the nature of the payment documents, the property's title deed records, the valuation procedures, and the annotation restricting the sale of the property for a period of three years. One of the important stages of this process is the Certificate of Conformity, also referred to as the Real Estate Investment Determination Certificate. In addition, following the regulations introduced in 2024, the Real Estate Acquisition-Based Amount Determination Certificate for Citizenship Acquisition (TTB) has become an important element in determining the investment amount. Accordingly, the approach of a foreign investor stating, “I have purchased a house worth USD 400,000; can I immediately apply for Turkish citizenship?”, is not sufficient on its own. The property's eligibility for citizenship p..

Annulment of General Assembly Resolutions in Joint Stock Companies

Annulment of General Assembly Resolutions in Joint Stock Companies

    The general assembly in joint stock companies is one of the most important corporate bodies through which shareholders express their will regarding the management of the company and fundamental corporate decisions. Resolutions adopted by the general assembly may have significant consequences for the company’s activities, board of directors, profit distribution, capital transactions, and shareholders’ rights.   However, not every general assembly resolution is necessarily lawful. General assembly resolutions of a joint stock company that are adopted in violation of the law, the company’s articles of association, or the principle of good faith may be annulled by a court if the conditions prescribed by law are met.   Therefore, questions such as “How can a general assembly resolution of a joint stock company be annulled?”, “How long is the limitation period for filing an action against a general assembly resolution?”, “Who can request the annulment of a general assembly resolution?” and “Which general assembly resolutions can be annulled?” are of particular importance, especially for shareholders, the board of directors, and members of the board of directors.   In this art..

How Can Foreigners Establish a Company in Türkiye? 2026 Updated Guide

How Can Foreigners Establish a Company in Türkiye? 2026 Updated Guide

  The number of foreigners seeking to invest in Türkiye, conduct commercial activities, or establish a business is increasing every day. Under Turkish law, foreign individuals and legal entities are generally permitted to establish companies in Türkiye, and the company formation process is largely similar to the system applicable to Turkish citizens. However, additional matters must be considered when foreigners establish a company in Türkiye, including passports, tax identification numbers, documents relating to foreign shareholders, apostille and notarization procedures, and, where a foreign shareholder will actively work in Türkiye, work permit requirements. For this reason, before establishing a company, foreign investors should assess not only the type of company they intend to establish but also the required incorporation documents, capital structure, work permit requirements, residence status, and post-incorporation obligations as a whole.   In this article, we address the most frequently asked questions regarding company formation by foreigners in Türkiye, including how foreigners can establish a company in Türkiye, which documents are required for a company with foreign..

Removal and Withdrawal of Shareholders in a Limited Liability Company

Removal and Withdrawal of Shareholders in a Limited Liability Company

Under Turkish law, the withdrawal or removal of a shareholder from a limited liability company does not occur merely because there is a dispute between the shareholders. For both procedures, the applicable statutory provisions, the articles of association, general assembly resolutions, and, where necessary, court proceedings must be taken into consideration. Therefore, it should not be assumed that a shareholder can withdraw from the company or be removed simply by submitting a resignation letter, adopting a shareholders’ resolution, or sending a notarized notice. For the transaction to be legally valid, it is important to determine the procedure appropriate to the circumstances of the case, examine the applicable decision-making quorums, calculate the separation payment (squeeze-out/withdrawal compensation), and properly complete the relevant trade registry procedures. This article explains the ways in which a shareholder of a limited liability company may withdraw from the company, the circumstances under which a shareholder may be removed, actions for withdrawal for just cause, legal remedies against a removal decision, and matters concerning the separation p..

Major Legislative Amendments Introduced by the Judicial Reform Package Published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026

Major Legislative Amendments Introduced by the Judicial Reform Package Published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026

Key Amendments Introduced by Law No. 7589 in Enforcement Law, Civil Procedure, Administrative Procedure, Criminal Law, and the Law of Obligations Law No. 7589, published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026, introduced significant amendments across various branches of the Turkish legal system. The new legislation includes substantial changes affecting the practice of enforcement and bankruptcy law, civil procedure, administrative judicial procedure, criminal procedure, the law of obligations, and notarial procedures, among other areas. Below is a summary of the amendments that are expected to have the greatest practical significance...

How to Get a Work Permit in Türkiye? A Guide to Foreigners' Right to Work, Application Requirements, and the Turquoise Card

How to Get a Work Permit in Türkiye? A Guide to Foreigners' Right to Work, Application Requirements, and the Turquoise Card

As a rule, foreigners must obtain a work permit to work legally in Türkiye. A work permit is an official authorization granting foreign nationals the right to work within the borders of the Republic of Türkiye under a specific employer or independently under certain conditions. Pursuant to the International Labor Force Law No. 6735, work permits are issued by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, and the participation of foreigners in the Turkish labor market is subject to specific rules. As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm, we provide comprehensive legal consultancy services to our clients regarding work permit applications, extension procedures, appeals against work permit rejections, and Turquoise Card processes...

 Required Documents for Work Permit Applications in Turkey and Sector-Specific Requirements

Required Documents for Work Permit Applications in Turkey and Sector-Specific Requirements

Obtaining a work permit in Türkiye is a crucial legal requirement for foreign nationals seeking employment and for employers wishing to hire international talent. The work permit application process involves strict documentation requirements, which may vary depending on the applicant’s profession, industry, qualifications, and the employer’s corporate structure. Missing or inaccurate documents can result in delays, requests for additional information, or the rejection of the application. Whether you are a foreign employee, investor, company executive, engineer, healthcare professional, educator, or employer planning to recruit foreign workers in Türkiye, understanding the applicable legal requirements is essential for a successful application. In this guide, Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm explains the documents required for work permit applications in Türkiye, industry-specific requirements, employer obligations, and the most important legal considerations to ensure compliance with Turkish immigration and labor regulations. This summary is optimized for keywords such as Turkey Work Permit, Work Permit Application in Turkey, Documents Required for a Turkish Work Perm..

Fixtures (Muhdesat) and Actions for the Determination of Fixtures

Fixtures (Muhdesat) and Actions for the Determination of Fixtures

Actions for the determination of fixtures (muhdesat) are of significant importance, particularly in proceedings involving the dissolution of co-ownership (izale-i şuyu), urban transformation projects, and expropriation processes, as they serve to determine the ownership of structures or planted elements situated on immovable property. In practice, disputes frequently arise concerning the legal nature of fixtures, the concept of integral parts, the function of the declarations section in the land registry, the conditions for filing such actions, the burden of proof, and limitation periods.As Uzunpınar & Tüfek Law Firm, in this comprehensive study we examine the concept of fixtures in light of the Turkish Civil Code and the precedents of the Court of Cassation, the circumstances under which an action for the determination of fixtures may be filed, the rights and obligations of the parties, and the scope of claims based on unjust enrichment. In the field of real estate law, professional legal assistance is essential to prevent loss of rights in fixture-related disputes...

Rental Assistance and Other Supports Provided Under Urban Transformation

Rental Assistance and Other Supports Provided Under Urban Transformation

As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Office, we provide legal consultancy services to our clients regarding rental assistance, interest subsidies, and financing opportunities available to rights holders within the scope of urban transformation processes carried out under Law No. 6306. In order to encourage the redevelopment of buildings classified as risky structures, the legislation provides various financial support mechanisms, including rental assistance for property owners and, under certain conditions, tenants, assessment loans for risk determination procedures, demolition loans for the removal of risky buildings, construction loans for reconstruction projects, and interest subsidies for bank loans. Furthermore, tenants and holders of limited real rights who meet the statutory requirements may also benefit from housing or workplace allocations. In this article, we briefly examine the scope of these financial support mechanisms, the application requirements, and the key practical considerations arising within the urban transformation process...

Objection to Risky Building Determination, Notification of the Risky Building Report, and Other Related Procedures

Objection to Risky Building Determination, Notification of the Risky Building Report, and Other Related Procedures

Under the risky building assessment process carried out pursuant to Law No. 6306, a majority vote of the condominium owners is not required in order to initiate a building risk assessment. The application of a single property owner to a licensed institution, together with the title deed and identification documents, is sufficient. The costs of the assessment are generally borne by the owner who requests it; however, if the assessment is conducted ex officio by the administration, the costs are apportioned among all owners in proportion to their land shares. With respect to the reporting and objection procedures, as a general rule, only one risky building assessment report may be issued for each building. After the report is submitted to the Land Registry, notification is made by posting the notice on the building, publishing it through the e-Government system (e-Devlet), and announcing it at the local headman's office (Muhtarlık). Property owners may file an objection with the Urban Transformation Presidency within fifteen days from the date of notification or bring an annulment action before the administrative court within thirty days. Buildings for which no objection is filed, or..

Conditions, Time Limits, and Methods of Proof in an Action for Recovery of Property (Istihkak Claim)

Conditions, Time Limits, and Methods of Proof in an Action for Recovery of Property (Istihkak Claim)

An action for recovery of property (istihkak claim) is a lawsuit filed when it is alleged that an asset seized during enforcement proceedings does not belong to the debtor but to a third party. In other words, a third party who claims ownership or another real right over the seized property files an action for recovery of property in order to protect that right.     ..

How Is the Real Estate Purchase and Sale Process Managed for Foreigners?

How Is the Real Estate Purchase and Sale Process Managed for Foreigners?

The real estate purchase and sale process for foreigners is not limited solely to title deed transactions, but is a comprehensive procedure that includes numerous legal, administrative, and financial stages. Determining whether the property is eligible for acquisition, complying with legal restrictions, ensuring contractual security, and properly structuring the payment process are of great importance in preventing potential risks. For this reason, real estate purchase and sale transactions by foreigners in Türkiye stand out as a field that requires thorough knowledge of the legislation and careful legal planning...

Inheritance Transfer for Foreign Nationals in Turkey

Inheritance Transfer for Foreign Nationals in Turkey

The transfer of inheritance for foreign nationals is a multi-faceted process that must be evaluated within the framework of both Turkish law and the foreign legal systems to which the heirs are subject. The determination of the applicable law, the certificate of inheritance, and transactions concerning immovable property are of great importance for the proper conduct of the process. For this reason, inheritance transfer procedures involving foreign nationals require a careful approach that addresses both their legal and administrative aspects together. ..

Action for the Annulment of a Demolition Decision

Action for the Annulment of a Demolition Decision

Actions for the annulment of a demolition decision are among the important types of lawsuits aimed at reviewing the lawfulness of administrative acts established by the administration and that directly affect the right of property. Decisions regarding the demolition of a structure are often based on technical reports and administrative assessments, and therefore this process must be carefully examined in terms of both procedure and substance. For this reason, actions for the annulment of a demolition decision stand out as an effective legal remedy against administrative acts that may give rise to irreparable consequences...

Action for the Annulment of a Risky Building Determination

Action for the Annulment of a Risky Building Determination

Actions for the annulment of a risky building determination concern the submission of the legality of technical determination procedures—one of the most critical stages of the urban transformation process—to judicial review. Reports regarding whether a structure is genuinely risky must be meticulously evaluated in terms of both technical data and procedural criteria. For this reason, actions for the annulment of a risky building determination are among the legal processes that require particular care and expertise, as they produce results that directly affect the right to property...

The Situation of Condominium Owners Who Cannot Reach an Agreement with the Contractor Within the Scope of the Urban Transformation Law

The Situation of Condominium Owners Who Cannot Reach an Agreement with the Contractor Within the Scope of the Urban Transformation Law

In renewal processes carried out within the scope of the Urban Transformation Law, the inability of condominium owners to reach an agreement with the contractor constitutes one of the significant areas of dispute frequently encountered in practice. Particularly after the determination of a risky building, the failure to achieve consensus between the parties raises questions regarding how the process will proceed and how rights will be protected. For this reason, in cases where an agreement with the contractor cannot be reached, the legal position of condominium owners and the legal remedies available to them must be carefully evaluated within the framework of the Law...

Fraudulent Inheritance Lawsuit

Fraudulent Inheritance Lawsuit

Fraudulent inheritance (muris muvazaası) lawsuits are of great importance within inheritance law for protecting the rights of heirs. These lawsuits aim to determine when the deceased’s assets were disposed of contrary to their true intent and to render transactions that resulted in unjust enrichment invalid. As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm, our experienced team carefully manages every stage of the legal process in fraudulent inheritance lawsuits, ensuring that your heirs’ rights are fully protected...

Administrative Law

Administrative Law

At Uzunpınar & Tüfek Law Firm, we provide comprehensive and strategic solutions for individuals and corporate clients who face rights violations in their interactions with public institutions. Administrative law is the field that protects the rights of individuals and businesses against the actions of state organs and public authorities. We are committed to effectively defending our clients’ rights in this area...

Acquisition of Exceptional Citizenship by a Foreign Investor

Acquisition of Exceptional Citizenship by a Foreign Investor

The exceptional acquisition of Turkish citizenship by foreign investors is a special process in which investment decisions give rise not only to economic but also to legal consequences. The fulfillment of criteria such as real estate acquisition, capital investment, or creation of employment in compliance with the relevant legislation plays a decisive role in the proper progression of the application. For this reason, acquisition of citizenship through the exceptional procedure stands out as a field requiring expertise, in which administrative procedures are managed meticulously and legal assessments are carried out accurately...

Investment Consultancy

Investment Consultancy

  Reliable, comprehensive, and strategically planned legal consultancy is essential for individuals and institutions planning to invest both in Turkey and abroad...

Foreigners Law

Foreigners Law

  Foreigners Law is a branch of law that regulates the legal status of foreign nationals residing in Türkiye, in matters such as residence permit, work permit, citizenship, acquisition of immovable property, and deportation decisions. This area has gained significant importance in recent years, especially with the increase in migration processes. For foreigners who wish to live, work, invest, or acquire citizenship in Türkiye, proper management of these procedures is critical to prevent legal mistakes that may lead to irreversible consequences...

Steps For Application To Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

Steps For Application To Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

The process of applying for Turkish citizenship through real estate investment is a multi-stage procedure that must be conducted by jointly evaluating the legal and administrative consequences of the investment decision. From the selection of the property to the title deed transactions, and from obtaining the certificate of conformity to submitting the citizenship application, it is of great importance that each step is completed in compliance with the relevant legislation. For this reason, acquisition of citizenship through real estate stands out as a special type of application that requires a planned and careful legal approach from the very beginning of the process. ..

Documents Required For Turkish Citizenship Application

Documents Required For Turkish Citizenship Application

The Turkish citizenship application process is a procedure that is conducted meticulously before administrative authorities and in which proper documentation is of great importance. In order for the application to be duly evaluated, the requested documents must be submitted in a complete, up-to-date, and legally compliant manner. Therefore, the documents required for applying for Turkish citizenship must be carefully determined according to the type and legal basis of the application and must be properly prepared from the very beginning of the process...

Marriage Of Foreigners In Turkey

Marriage Of Foreigners In Turkey

The marriage of foreigners in Türkiye is a multifaceted process that gives rise to legal consequences under both Turkish law and the foreign legal systems to which the parties are subject. Legal capacity to marry, the procurement of the required documents, and the complete fulfillment of administrative procedures are of great importance for the validity of the marriage. In this respect, the marriage of foreigners in Türkiye is not limited to mere formalities but constitutes a process whose legal consequences must be carefully evaluated...

Commercial Law

Commercial Law

Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm provides strategic legal consultancy in the field of commercial law to ensure that companies and investors conduct their commercial activities in a secure sustainable and legally compliant manner From commercial contracts to corporate structuring and the resolution of commercial disputes we deliver result oriented solutions that protect our clients commercial interests at every stage We stand by your side to minimize legal risks in your commercial relationships and to establish a strong legal foundation..

Consumer Law

Consumer Law

  It is a specialized branch of law that ensures the protection of consumers against unfair practices encountered when purchasing goods and services and is subject to regulations at both national and international levels...

Corporate Law

Corporate Law

  Corporate law goes far beyond company formation — it covers every stage from incorporation to liquidation...

Urban Transformation Law

Urban Transformation Law

  Urban transformation law is a specialized branch of law that regulates the legal relationships arising in the processes of identifying, evacuating, demolishing, and reconstructing buildings at risk of disasters..

Real Estate Law

Real Estate Law

  Real estate law is the branch of law that covers all transactions related to immovable properties such as land, plots, residences, and commercial properties, as well as the disputes that may arise from these transactions...