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What Are the Certificate of Conformity and TTB? An Updated Guide to Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

What Are the Certificate of Conformity and TTB? An Updated Guide to Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

For foreign investors seeking to acquire Turkish citizenship by purchasing real estate in Türkiye, the process involves much more than simply purchasing a property. A number of legal and administrative factors must be assessed together, including whether the property is eligible for a citizenship application, whether the investment amount meets the threshold stipulated under the applicable legislation, the nature of the payment documents, the property's title deed records, the valuation procedures, and the annotation restricting the sale of the property for a period of three years. One of the important stages of this process is the Certificate of Conformity, also referred to as the Real Estate Investment Determination Certificate. In addition, following the regulations introduced in 2024, the Real Estate Acquisition-Based Amount Determination Certificate for Citizenship Acquisition (TTB) has become an important element in determining the investment amount. Accordingly, the approach of a foreign investor stating, “I have purchased a house worth USD 400,000; can I immediately apply for Turkish citizenship?”, is not sufficient on its own. The property's eligibility for citizenship p..

Annulment of General Assembly Resolutions in Joint Stock Companies

Annulment of General Assembly Resolutions in Joint Stock Companies

    The general assembly in joint stock companies is one of the most important corporate bodies through which shareholders express their will regarding the management of the company and fundamental corporate decisions. Resolutions adopted by the general assembly may have significant consequences for the company’s activities, board of directors, profit distribution, capital transactions, and shareholders’ rights.   However, not every general assembly resolution is necessarily lawful. General assembly resolutions of a joint stock company that are adopted in violation of the law, the company’s articles of association, or the principle of good faith may be annulled by a court if the conditions prescribed by law are met.   Therefore, questions such as “How can a general assembly resolution of a joint stock company be annulled?”, “How long is the limitation period for filing an action against a general assembly resolution?”, “Who can request the annulment of a general assembly resolution?” and “Which general assembly resolutions can be annulled?” are of particular importance, especially for shareholders, the board of directors, and members of the board of directors.   In this art..

How Can Foreigners Establish a Company in Türkiye? 2026 Updated Guide

How Can Foreigners Establish a Company in Türkiye? 2026 Updated Guide

  The number of foreigners seeking to invest in Türkiye, conduct commercial activities, or establish a business is increasing every day. Under Turkish law, foreign individuals and legal entities are generally permitted to establish companies in Türkiye, and the company formation process is largely similar to the system applicable to Turkish citizens. However, additional matters must be considered when foreigners establish a company in Türkiye, including passports, tax identification numbers, documents relating to foreign shareholders, apostille and notarization procedures, and, where a foreign shareholder will actively work in Türkiye, work permit requirements. For this reason, before establishing a company, foreign investors should assess not only the type of company they intend to establish but also the required incorporation documents, capital structure, work permit requirements, residence status, and post-incorporation obligations as a whole.   In this article, we address the most frequently asked questions regarding company formation by foreigners in Türkiye, including how foreigners can establish a company in Türkiye, which documents are required for a company with foreign..

Removal and Withdrawal of Shareholders in a Limited Liability Company

Removal and Withdrawal of Shareholders in a Limited Liability Company

Under Turkish law, the withdrawal or removal of a shareholder from a limited liability company does not occur merely because there is a dispute between the shareholders. For both procedures, the applicable statutory provisions, the articles of association, general assembly resolutions, and, where necessary, court proceedings must be taken into consideration. Therefore, it should not be assumed that a shareholder can withdraw from the company or be removed simply by submitting a resignation letter, adopting a shareholders’ resolution, or sending a notarized notice. For the transaction to be legally valid, it is important to determine the procedure appropriate to the circumstances of the case, examine the applicable decision-making quorums, calculate the separation payment (squeeze-out/withdrawal compensation), and properly complete the relevant trade registry procedures. This article explains the ways in which a shareholder of a limited liability company may withdraw from the company, the circumstances under which a shareholder may be removed, actions for withdrawal for just cause, legal remedies against a removal decision, and matters concerning the separation p..

Major Legislative Amendments Introduced by the Judicial Reform Package Published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026

Major Legislative Amendments Introduced by the Judicial Reform Package Published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026

Key Amendments Introduced by Law No. 7589 in Enforcement Law, Civil Procedure, Administrative Procedure, Criminal Law, and the Law of Obligations Law No. 7589, published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026, introduced significant amendments across various branches of the Turkish legal system. The new legislation includes substantial changes affecting the practice of enforcement and bankruptcy law, civil procedure, administrative judicial procedure, criminal procedure, the law of obligations, and notarial procedures, among other areas. Below is a summary of the amendments that are expected to have the greatest practical significance...

What Is the Loss of Turkish Citizenship? Renunciation of Turkish Citizenship, Revocation, and Blue Card Rights

What Is the Loss of Turkish Citizenship? Renunciation of Turkish Citizenship, Revocation, and Blue Card Rights

As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm, we provide comprehensive and professional legal services to our clients in matters concerning the loss of Turkish citizenship, renunciation of citizenship, revocation of citizenship, and cancellation of citizenship, which are frequently encountered within the scope of immigration law, citizenship law, and administrative law disputes. The loss of Turkish citizenship, just like its acquisition, may have significant consequences for an individual’s legal status, rights in Türkiye, and international standing. In particular, applications for renunciation of Turkish citizenship, the Blue Card regime, decisions regarding deprivation of citizenship, and citizenship cancellation procedures involve complex legal processes and require careful legal assessment in order to prevent potential loss of rights. Therefore, it is crucial to properly analyze the legal requirements for the loss of citizenship, to conduct administrative procedures in compliance with the applicable legislation, and, where necessary, to pursue available judicial remedies before the administrative courts. In this article, we will examine in detail the circumstances under whic..

What Is the Crime of Causing Zoning Pollution Under Article 184 of the Turkish Penal Code?

What Is the Crime of Causing Zoning Pollution Under Article 184 of the Turkish Penal Code?

As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Office, we provide comprehensive legal consultancy and representation services in disputes arising at the intersection of criminal law and zoning and urban planning regulations. The offense of causing zoning pollution (violation of zoning regulations), which is frequently encountered in practice, may lead to serious criminal consequences for property owners, developers, contractors, and other parties involved in construction activities carried out without a permit or in violation of the approved building permit. Determining whether the offense has been committed requires a careful assessment of several factors, including the legal definition of a building, the status of construction and occupancy permits, the zoning characteristics of the relevant area, the applicability of effective remorse provisions, and the case law established by the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay). In this article, we examine in detail the elements of the offense regulated under Article 184 of the Turkish Penal Code, the concepts of perpetrator and victim, the scope of the offense, applicable sanctions, effective remorse provisions, and the circumstances under which th..

New Amendments to the Regulation on Commercial Advertisements and Unfair Commercial Practices

New Amendments to the Regulation on Commercial Advertisements and Unfair Commercial Practices

With the Regulation Amending the Regulation on Commercial Advertisements and Unfair Commercial Practices, published in the Official Gazette on 1 July 2026, the following amendments and additions have been introduced to the Regulation, effective as of 1 August 2026. ..

Conditions, Time Limits, and Methods of Proof in an Action for Recovery of Property (Istihkak Claim)

Conditions, Time Limits, and Methods of Proof in an Action for Recovery of Property (Istihkak Claim)

An action for recovery of property (istihkak claim) is a lawsuit filed when it is alleged that an asset seized during enforcement proceedings does not belong to the debtor but to a third party. In other words, a third party who claims ownership or another real right over the seized property files an action for recovery of property in order to protect that right.     ..

What Is a Penalty Clause in Construction Contracts? Delay, Disputes, and Legal Remedies

What Is a Penalty Clause in Construction Contracts? Delay, Disputes, and Legal Remedies

Ceza maddesi, taraflardan birinin sözleşmede belirtilen yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmemesi durumunda ödemeyi kabul ettiği önceden belirlenmiş bir tazminat miktarıdır. İnşaat sözleşmelerinde genellikle işin zamanında teslim edilmemesi veya inşaatın sözleşmesi şartlarına aykırı olarak yapılma durumlarında uygulanır...

What is an Inheritance Contract? How is it Made? Validity Requirements and Annulment

What is an Inheritance Contract? How is it Made? Validity Requirements and Annulment

An inheritance contract is a specific legal transaction through which the deceased regulates the disposition of their estate to take effect after death by means of a mutual and binding agreement, rather than a unilateral declaration of intent...

How Is the Real Estate Purchase and Sale Process Managed for Foreigners?

How Is the Real Estate Purchase and Sale Process Managed for Foreigners?

The real estate purchase and sale process for foreigners is not limited solely to title deed transactions, but is a comprehensive procedure that includes numerous legal, administrative, and financial stages. Determining whether the property is eligible for acquisition, complying with legal restrictions, ensuring contractual security, and properly structuring the payment process are of great importance in preventing potential risks. For this reason, real estate purchase and sale transactions by foreigners in Türkiye stand out as a field that requires thorough knowledge of the legislation and careful legal planning...

Land Share Adjustment Lawsuit

Land Share Adjustment Lawsuit

Land share adjustment lawsuits are of great importance in ensuring the principle of fair distribution in immovable properties subject to condominium ownership Land shares that are determined in a manner incompatible with the location size and characteristics of independent units may over time lead to serious loss of rights and disputes For this reason lawsuits concerning the adjustment of land shares are among the types of cases that require technical examination and legal evaluation to be carried out together and demand careful attention and expertise..

CONTRACT LAW

CONTRACT LAW

  At Uzunpınar & Tüfek Law Firm, we provide our clients with comprehensive and reliable legal consultancy services throughout all stages of contract preparation, review, negotiation, and implementation. As Contract Law forms the foundation of both commercial and personal relations, it is of utmost importance that each contract is drafted in line with the client’s needs and legal security...

Permission to Show the Leased Property Lawsuit

Permission to Show the Leased Property Lawsuit

Permission to Show the Leased Property lawsuits are among the special types of disputes aimed at preserving the balance of interests between the parties throughout the continuation of the lease relationship. Where the showing of the leased property to third parties for legally valid reasons such as sale or re-leasing is obstructed, the conditions under which this right may be exercised must be carefully assessed. For this reason, permission to show the leased property lawsuits constitute legal processes that must be addressed within the framework of lease-specific regulations, with due regard to the principles of proportionality and necessity...

Investment Consultancy

Investment Consultancy

  Reliable, comprehensive, and strategically planned legal consultancy is essential for individuals and institutions planning to invest both in Turkey and abroad...

Foreigners Law

Foreigners Law

  Foreigners Law is a branch of law that regulates the legal status of foreign nationals residing in Türkiye, in matters such as residence permit, work permit, citizenship, acquisition of immovable property, and deportation decisions. This area has gained significant importance in recent years, especially with the increase in migration processes. For foreigners who wish to live, work, invest, or acquire citizenship in Türkiye, proper management of these procedures is critical to prevent legal mistakes that may lead to irreversible consequences...

Commercial Law

Commercial Law

Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm provides strategic legal consultancy in the field of commercial law to ensure that companies and investors conduct their commercial activities in a secure sustainable and legally compliant manner From commercial contracts to corporate structuring and the resolution of commercial disputes we deliver result oriented solutions that protect our clients commercial interests at every stage We stand by your side to minimize legal risks in your commercial relationships and to establish a strong legal foundation..

Consumer Law

Consumer Law

  It is a specialized branch of law that ensures the protection of consumers against unfair practices encountered when purchasing goods and services and is subject to regulations at both national and international levels...

Corporate Law

Corporate Law

  Corporate law goes far beyond company formation — it covers every stage from incorporation to liquidation...

Real Estate Law

Real Estate Law

  Real estate law is the branch of law that covers all transactions related to immovable properties such as land, plots, residences, and commercial properties, as well as the disputes that may arise from these transactions...