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Annulment of General Assembly Resolutions in Joint Stock Companies

Annulment of General Assembly Resolutions in Joint Stock Companies

    The general assembly in joint stock companies is one of the most important corporate bodies through which shareholders express their will regarding the management of the company and fundamental corporate decisions. Resolutions adopted by the general assembly may have significant consequences for the company’s activities, board of directors, profit distribution, capital transactions, and shareholders’ rights.   However, not every general assembly resolution is necessarily lawful. General assembly resolutions of a joint stock company that are adopted in violation of the law, the company’s articles of association, or the principle of good faith may be annulled by a court if the conditions prescribed by law are met.   Therefore, questions such as “How can a general assembly resolution of a joint stock company be annulled?”, “How long is the limitation period for filing an action against a general assembly resolution?”, “Who can request the annulment of a general assembly resolution?” and “Which general assembly resolutions can be annulled?” are of particular importance, especially for shareholders, the board of directors, and members of the board of directors.   In this art..

How Can Foreigners Establish a Company in Türkiye? 2026 Updated Guide

How Can Foreigners Establish a Company in Türkiye? 2026 Updated Guide

  The number of foreigners seeking to invest in Türkiye, conduct commercial activities, or establish a business is increasing every day. Under Turkish law, foreign individuals and legal entities are generally permitted to establish companies in Türkiye, and the company formation process is largely similar to the system applicable to Turkish citizens. However, additional matters must be considered when foreigners establish a company in Türkiye, including passports, tax identification numbers, documents relating to foreign shareholders, apostille and notarization procedures, and, where a foreign shareholder will actively work in Türkiye, work permit requirements. For this reason, before establishing a company, foreign investors should assess not only the type of company they intend to establish but also the required incorporation documents, capital structure, work permit requirements, residence status, and post-incorporation obligations as a whole.   In this article, we address the most frequently asked questions regarding company formation by foreigners in Türkiye, including how foreigners can establish a company in Türkiye, which documents are required for a company with foreign..

Major Legislative Amendments Introduced by the Judicial Reform Package Published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026

Major Legislative Amendments Introduced by the Judicial Reform Package Published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026

Key Amendments Introduced by Law No. 7589 in Enforcement Law, Civil Procedure, Administrative Procedure, Criminal Law, and the Law of Obligations Law No. 7589, published in the Official Gazette on 31 July 2026, introduced significant amendments across various branches of the Turkish legal system. The new legislation includes substantial changes affecting the practice of enforcement and bankruptcy law, civil procedure, administrative judicial procedure, criminal procedure, the law of obligations, and notarial procedures, among other areas. Below is a summary of the amendments that are expected to have the greatest practical significance...

How to Get a Work Permit in Türkiye? A Guide to Foreigners' Right to Work, Application Requirements, and the Turquoise Card

How to Get a Work Permit in Türkiye? A Guide to Foreigners' Right to Work, Application Requirements, and the Turquoise Card

As a rule, foreigners must obtain a work permit to work legally in Türkiye. A work permit is an official authorization granting foreign nationals the right to work within the borders of the Republic of Türkiye under a specific employer or independently under certain conditions. Pursuant to the International Labor Force Law No. 6735, work permits are issued by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, and the participation of foreigners in the Turkish labor market is subject to specific rules. As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm, we provide comprehensive legal consultancy services to our clients regarding work permit applications, extension procedures, appeals against work permit rejections, and Turquoise Card processes...

Fixtures (Muhdesat) and Actions for the Determination of Fixtures

Fixtures (Muhdesat) and Actions for the Determination of Fixtures

Actions for the determination of fixtures (muhdesat) are of significant importance, particularly in proceedings involving the dissolution of co-ownership (izale-i şuyu), urban transformation projects, and expropriation processes, as they serve to determine the ownership of structures or planted elements situated on immovable property. In practice, disputes frequently arise concerning the legal nature of fixtures, the concept of integral parts, the function of the declarations section in the land registry, the conditions for filing such actions, the burden of proof, and limitation periods.As Uzunpınar & Tüfek Law Firm, in this comprehensive study we examine the concept of fixtures in light of the Turkish Civil Code and the precedents of the Court of Cassation, the circumstances under which an action for the determination of fixtures may be filed, the rights and obligations of the parties, and the scope of claims based on unjust enrichment. In the field of real estate law, professional legal assistance is essential to prevent loss of rights in fixture-related disputes...

What Is the Loss of Turkish Citizenship? Renunciation of Turkish Citizenship, Revocation, and Blue Card Rights

What Is the Loss of Turkish Citizenship? Renunciation of Turkish Citizenship, Revocation, and Blue Card Rights

As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm, we provide comprehensive and professional legal services to our clients in matters concerning the loss of Turkish citizenship, renunciation of citizenship, revocation of citizenship, and cancellation of citizenship, which are frequently encountered within the scope of immigration law, citizenship law, and administrative law disputes. The loss of Turkish citizenship, just like its acquisition, may have significant consequences for an individual’s legal status, rights in Türkiye, and international standing. In particular, applications for renunciation of Turkish citizenship, the Blue Card regime, decisions regarding deprivation of citizenship, and citizenship cancellation procedures involve complex legal processes and require careful legal assessment in order to prevent potential loss of rights. Therefore, it is crucial to properly analyze the legal requirements for the loss of citizenship, to conduct administrative procedures in compliance with the applicable legislation, and, where necessary, to pursue available judicial remedies before the administrative courts. In this article, we will examine in detail the circumstances under whic..

From What Date Can a Rent Determination Lawsuit Be Filed Under Article 344/3 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) If the Parties Have Executed a Supplementary Agreement on the Rent Amount?

From What Date Can a Rent Determination Lawsuit Be Filed Under Article 344/3 of the Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO) If the Parties Have Executed a Supplementary Agreement on the Rent Amount?

As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Office, we provide comprehensive legal consultancy and litigation services in disputes arising from tenancy law. In particular, in rent determination lawsuits filed pursuant to Article 344/3 of the Turkish Code of Obligations, determining whether the tenancy relationship has exceeded the five-year period and assessing the effect of subsequent rent adjustment agreements on this period are of critical importance. In practice, disputes frequently arise regarding whether additional protocols or subsequently executed agreements between the parties restart the statutory five-year period. In this article, we examine the legal consequences of supplementary agreements increasing the rent amount, the circumstances under which a subsequent agreement may be considered a new lease agreement, the evaluation of comparable market rental values, and the current case law of the Court of Cassation and Regional Courts of Appeal. We also discuss from which date a rent determination action may be filed under Article 344/3 of the Turkish Code of Obligations...

What Is the Crime of Causing Zoning Pollution Under Article 184 of the Turkish Penal Code?

What Is the Crime of Causing Zoning Pollution Under Article 184 of the Turkish Penal Code?

As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Office, we provide comprehensive legal consultancy and representation services in disputes arising at the intersection of criminal law and zoning and urban planning regulations. The offense of causing zoning pollution (violation of zoning regulations), which is frequently encountered in practice, may lead to serious criminal consequences for property owners, developers, contractors, and other parties involved in construction activities carried out without a permit or in violation of the approved building permit. Determining whether the offense has been committed requires a careful assessment of several factors, including the legal definition of a building, the status of construction and occupancy permits, the zoning characteristics of the relevant area, the applicability of effective remorse provisions, and the case law established by the Court of Cassation (Yargıtay). In this article, we examine in detail the elements of the offense regulated under Article 184 of the Turkish Penal Code, the concepts of perpetrator and victim, the scope of the offense, applicable sanctions, effective remorse provisions, and the circumstances under which th..

Rental Assistance and Other Supports Provided Under Urban Transformation

Rental Assistance and Other Supports Provided Under Urban Transformation

As Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Office, we provide legal consultancy services to our clients regarding rental assistance, interest subsidies, and financing opportunities available to rights holders within the scope of urban transformation processes carried out under Law No. 6306. In order to encourage the redevelopment of buildings classified as risky structures, the legislation provides various financial support mechanisms, including rental assistance for property owners and, under certain conditions, tenants, assessment loans for risk determination procedures, demolition loans for the removal of risky buildings, construction loans for reconstruction projects, and interest subsidies for bank loans. Furthermore, tenants and holders of limited real rights who meet the statutory requirements may also benefit from housing or workplace allocations. In this article, we briefly examine the scope of these financial support mechanisms, the application requirements, and the key practical considerations arising within the urban transformation process...

Conditions, Time Limits, and Methods of Proof in an Action for Recovery of Property (Istihkak Claim)

Conditions, Time Limits, and Methods of Proof in an Action for Recovery of Property (Istihkak Claim)

An action for recovery of property (istihkak claim) is a lawsuit filed when it is alleged that an asset seized during enforcement proceedings does not belong to the debtor but to a third party. In other words, a third party who claims ownership or another real right over the seized property files an action for recovery of property in order to protect that right.     ..

What Is a Penalty Clause in Construction Contracts? Delay, Disputes, and Legal Remedies

What Is a Penalty Clause in Construction Contracts? Delay, Disputes, and Legal Remedies

Ceza maddesi, taraflardan birinin sözleşmede belirtilen yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmemesi durumunda ödemeyi kabul ettiği önceden belirlenmiş bir tazminat miktarıdır. İnşaat sözleşmelerinde genellikle işin zamanında teslim edilmemesi veya inşaatın sözleşmesi şartlarına aykırı olarak yapılma durumlarında uygulanır...

What is an Inheritance Contract? How is it Made? Validity Requirements and Annulment

What is an Inheritance Contract? How is it Made? Validity Requirements and Annulment

An inheritance contract is a specific legal transaction through which the deceased regulates the disposition of their estate to take effect after death by means of a mutual and binding agreement, rather than a unilateral declaration of intent...

Inheritance Transfer for Foreign Nationals in Turkey

Inheritance Transfer for Foreign Nationals in Turkey

The transfer of inheritance for foreign nationals is a multi-faceted process that must be evaluated within the framework of both Turkish law and the foreign legal systems to which the heirs are subject. The determination of the applicable law, the certificate of inheritance, and transactions concerning immovable property are of great importance for the proper conduct of the process. For this reason, inheritance transfer procedures involving foreign nationals require a careful approach that addresses both their legal and administrative aspects together. ..

Action for the Annulment of a Demolition Decision

Action for the Annulment of a Demolition Decision

Actions for the annulment of a demolition decision are among the important types of lawsuits aimed at reviewing the lawfulness of administrative acts established by the administration and that directly affect the right of property. Decisions regarding the demolition of a structure are often based on technical reports and administrative assessments, and therefore this process must be carefully examined in terms of both procedure and substance. For this reason, actions for the annulment of a demolition decision stand out as an effective legal remedy against administrative acts that may give rise to irreparable consequences...

The Situation of Condominium Owners Who Cannot Reach an Agreement with the Contractor Within the Scope of the Urban Transformation Law

The Situation of Condominium Owners Who Cannot Reach an Agreement with the Contractor Within the Scope of the Urban Transformation Law

In renewal processes carried out within the scope of the Urban Transformation Law, the inability of condominium owners to reach an agreement with the contractor constitutes one of the significant areas of dispute frequently encountered in practice. Particularly after the determination of a risky building, the failure to achieve consensus between the parties raises questions regarding how the process will proceed and how rights will be protected. For this reason, in cases where an agreement with the contractor cannot be reached, the legal position of condominium owners and the legal remedies available to them must be carefully evaluated within the framework of the Law...

Eviction Lawsuit Due to Need

Eviction Lawsuit Due to Need

Eviction lawsuits due to need are among the important areas of dispute that require the real and sincere need of the landlord for the immovable property to be evaluated within a legal framework. If the need for housing or a workplace is not presented in accordance with procedural requirements, the process may both be prolonged and lead to loss of rights. For this reason, eviction lawsuits due to need require a careful legal approach in which statutory conditions are meticulously addressed and evidence and legal grounds are constructed accurately...

Constitutional Court’s Pilot Judgment on Additional Damages and Inflation Loss (2025)

Constitutional Court’s Pilot Judgment on Additional Damages and Inflation Loss (2025)

The pilot decision rendered by the Constitutional Court in 2025 regarding additional damages and inflation loss constitutes an important turning point in terms of protecting the real value of receivables. In an environment of high inflation, the effects of being limited solely to statutory interest on the right to property have been reassessed at the constitutional level through this decision. The said pilot decision sets forth a guiding framework both for judicial practice and for possible legislative amendments that may be made in the future...

Acquisition of Exceptional Citizenship by a Foreign Investor

Acquisition of Exceptional Citizenship by a Foreign Investor

The exceptional acquisition of Turkish citizenship by foreign investors is a special process in which investment decisions give rise not only to economic but also to legal consequences. The fulfillment of criteria such as real estate acquisition, capital investment, or creation of employment in compliance with the relevant legislation plays a decisive role in the proper progression of the application. For this reason, acquisition of citizenship through the exceptional procedure stands out as a field requiring expertise, in which administrative procedures are managed meticulously and legal assessments are carried out accurately...

Investment Consultancy

Investment Consultancy

  Reliable, comprehensive, and strategically planned legal consultancy is essential for individuals and institutions planning to invest both in Turkey and abroad...

Foreigners Law

Foreigners Law

  Foreigners Law is a branch of law that regulates the legal status of foreign nationals residing in Türkiye, in matters such as residence permit, work permit, citizenship, acquisition of immovable property, and deportation decisions. This area has gained significant importance in recent years, especially with the increase in migration processes. For foreigners who wish to live, work, invest, or acquire citizenship in Türkiye, proper management of these procedures is critical to prevent legal mistakes that may lead to irreversible consequences...

Acquiring Citizenship Through Marriage

Acquiring Citizenship Through Marriage

The acquisition of Turkish citizenship through marriage is a process that is possible not only by the establishment of the marital union, but also by the evaluation of the authenticity and continuity of the marriage within the framework of legal criteria. In the examinations to be carried out by the administration, in addition to formal requirements, whether the marriage actually continues and whether there is any situation contrary to public order are also taken into consideration. In this respect, acquisition of citizenship through marriage stands out as a field that requires care and diligence, and that must be addressed together with its administrative and legal dimensions...

Steps For Application To Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

Steps For Application To Turkish Citizenship Through Real Estate Investment

The process of applying for Turkish citizenship through real estate investment is a multi-stage procedure that must be conducted by jointly evaluating the legal and administrative consequences of the investment decision. From the selection of the property to the title deed transactions, and from obtaining the certificate of conformity to submitting the citizenship application, it is of great importance that each step is completed in compliance with the relevant legislation. For this reason, acquisition of citizenship through real estate stands out as a special type of application that requires a planned and careful legal approach from the very beginning of the process. ..

Marriage Of Foreigners In Turkey

Marriage Of Foreigners In Turkey

The marriage of foreigners in Türkiye is a multifaceted process that gives rise to legal consequences under both Turkish law and the foreign legal systems to which the parties are subject. Legal capacity to marry, the procurement of the required documents, and the complete fulfillment of administrative procedures are of great importance for the validity of the marriage. In this respect, the marriage of foreigners in Türkiye is not limited to mere formalities but constitutes a process whose legal consequences must be carefully evaluated...

Commercial Law

Commercial Law

Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm provides strategic legal consultancy in the field of commercial law to ensure that companies and investors conduct their commercial activities in a secure sustainable and legally compliant manner From commercial contracts to corporate structuring and the resolution of commercial disputes we deliver result oriented solutions that protect our clients commercial interests at every stage We stand by your side to minimize legal risks in your commercial relationships and to establish a strong legal foundation..

Consumer Law

Consumer Law

  It is a specialized branch of law that ensures the protection of consumers against unfair practices encountered when purchasing goods and services and is subject to regulations at both national and international levels...

Corporate Law

Corporate Law

  Corporate law goes far beyond company formation — it covers every stage from incorporation to liquidation...

Urban Transformation Law

Urban Transformation Law

  Urban transformation law is a specialized branch of law that regulates the legal relationships arising in the processes of identifying, evacuating, demolishing, and reconstructing buildings at risk of disasters..

Real Estate Law

Real Estate Law

  Real estate law is the branch of law that covers all transactions related to immovable properties such as land, plots, residences, and commercial properties, as well as the disputes that may arise from these transactions...