Commercial Law

1. In-Depth Expertise in Commercial Law
Commercial law is not just about applying legal texts — it also requires the ability to speak the language of business, understand industry practices, and accurately interpret the nature of commercial relationships. At Uzunpınar & Tüfek International Law Firm, we possess extensive field experience in all aspects of commercial law. Thanks to our hands-on work in real-life disputes, we don’t just apply the law theoretically — we interpret it through practical, results-driven solutions. We have successfully handled hundreds of commercial files, both in litigation and pre-litigation consultancy.

2. Fast and Effective Legal Action
We are fully aware of how valuable time is in the business world. That’s why every commercial legal issue brought to our firm is evaluated quickly and resolved without unnecessary delay. Whether it’s a collection matter, contract dispute, or trade secret violation, our top priority is to protect our clients’ interests as quickly and effectively as possible. We prepare all necessary documents, strategies, and actions with precision and diligence. Our proactive approach allows us to achieve swift and favorable results for many of our clients.

3. Strategic Thinking and Result-Oriented Approach
In commercial law, knowledge alone isn’t enough — strategy plays a vital role. Each commercial dispute is unique, and a one-size-fits-all method rarely works. For every case, we evaluate the nature of the business relationship, commercial history between the parties, market dynamics, and potential impact. This strategic perspective ensures that we protect not only our clients’ current interests but also their long-term reputation and commercial relationships. We don’t just aim to win — we aim to win at the right time, in the right way, with the right tools.

4. Reliable, Transparent, and Collaborative Legal Service
In commercial law, communication with the client is just as important as technical knowledge. We openly share our legal insights at every step and clearly explain the available options and associated risks. Our goal is to strengthen our client’s decision-making with informed legal advice. We evaluate alternatives before each step and maintain open communication throughout the entire process. This transparent and trust-based approach has enabled us to work effectively with many domestic and international companies in a sustainable, long-term legal partnership.

Our Legal Services in Commercial Law Include:
1. Drafting and Reviewing Commercial Contracts (Sales, distribution, franchise, etc.)
2. Dispute Resolution and Contract Breach Litigation (Termination, damages claims)
3. Debt Collection and Enforcement (Legal actions for unpaid invoices and promissory notes)
4. Unfair Competition and Trade Secret Violations (Lawsuits for trademark/patent infringements)
5. Bankruptcy and Concordat Consultancy (Filing and managing bankruptcy or concordat processes)
6. Disputes Involving Negotiable Instruments (Checks, promissory notes, protest cases)
7. Distribution, Dealership, and Franchise Contracts (Agency relationships and related disputes)
8. International Commercial Contracts and Disputes (Cross-border agreements, arbitration, litigation)
9. Trade Registry Transactions (Company name registration, amendments to commercial records)
10. Business Transfers and Share Purchase Agreements (Asset and equity sale contracts)
11. And all other procedures and actions required under the scope of commercial law.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1. What is commercial law and what does it cover?
Commercial law is a branch of private law that regulates the activities of commercial enterprises.
This area, governed under the Turkish Commercial Code, includes the rights and obligations of merchants, commercial transactions, company formations, contracts, bankruptcy, and concordatum processes.
It also covers negotiable instruments such as checks and promissory notes, unfair competition, commercial lawsuits, and the transfer of commercial enterprises. Commercial law addresses both local and international trade relations and aims to ensure that commerce operates in a secure and orderly manner.

2. What types of disputes does commercial law cover?
Commercial law provides solutions to legal issues arising in various areas such as breach of commercial contracts, debt collection, unfair competition, shareholder disputes, bankruptcy, concordatum, and conflicts over trade names and trademarks. It also covers matters frequently encountered in the business world, including the sale of commercial goods, transportation contracts, and agency or distributorship relationships.
These types of disputes are generally handled by commercial courts and require legal expertise to resolve.

3. What does a commercial law attorney do?
A commercial law attorney provides solutions to legal issues that businesses encounter in their commercial activities.They offer services in a wide range of areas, from drafting and interpreting contracts to handling commercial litigation, managing mergers, and overseeing bankruptcy processes. They also provide legal consultancy on critical matters such as debt recovery, preventing unfair competition, and protecting trade secrets. By offering strategic legal support tailored to the company’s area of activity, the commercial law attorney helps foresee potential risks and ensures the business's legal security.

4. Are company contracts part of commercial law?
Yes, company contracts are among the core subjects of commercial law. Documents such as articles of association, shareholder agreements, share transfer protocols, and partnership agreements—especially for joint stock and limited liability companies—are all evaluated within the scope of commercial law. Preparing these contracts in compliance with the law is crucial to prevent potential legal risks for the company in the future. Additionally, contracts related to business partnerships, distributorships, and dealership relationships are also reviewed under commercial law.

5. What types of cases are handled by commercial courts?
Commercial courts have jurisdiction over disputes of a commercial nature. These include shareholder disputes, debt collection cases, breaches of commercial contracts, bankruptcy and concordatum cases, unfair competition claims, and disputes involving negotiable instruments such as checks and promissory notes. They also handle cases related to trade names, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets. Since cases heard in commercial courts require legal expertise, working with an experienced attorney in this field is highly recommended.

6. How is an unfair competition lawsuit filed?
An unfair competition lawsuit is filed under the Turkish Commercial Code and aims to prevent actions that violate the principles of fair competition. The claimant must document the actions of the competing company or individual that constitute unfair competition and prove that they have suffered or are likely to suffer damage as a result. The court may be requested to stop the unfair competition, award compensation, publish a corrective statement, and remedy the damage. These lawsuits are generally filed in the Commercial Court of First Instance, and obtaining professional legal support directly affects the success of the process.

7. Can commercial law be used for debt collection?
Yes, debt collection holds an important place in commercial law. When debts arising from commercial relationships are not paid on time, the collection process can be initiated by sending a formal notice. Following this, the debt can be collected through legal means such as enforcement proceedings, filing a lawsuit, or requesting a precautionary attachment. Commercial law ensures that this process is carried out in a lawful and efficient manner. In cases involving commercial notes, invoices, and contract-based debts, acting with professional support increases the chances of successful collection.

8. How are promissory note and check transactions handled in commercial law?
Negotiable instruments such as checks and promissory notes are fundamental elements of commercial life and are a significant part of commercial law. The issuance, endorsement, collection, and procedures to follow in case of non-payment of these instruments are thoroughly regulated under the Turkish Commercial Code. If a bad check is issued, criminal and compensation lawsuits may arise. In the case of promissory notes, if payment is not made at maturity, enforcement proceedings and procedures specific to negotiable instruments may be applied. Expert legal support is essential to avoid mistakes during these processes.

9. How are distributorship and franchise agreements prepared?
Distributorship and franchise agreements form the legal foundation of long-term business partnerships between companies. These contracts should include key elements such as the rights and obligations of the parties, payment terms, non-compete clauses, the duration of the agreement, and termination conditions. Details such as brand usage, licensing rights, and sales territories must be clearly and explicitly defined. Prepared within the framework of commercial law, these agreements help establish a secure business relationship by anticipating potential disputes in advance.

10. How long does a commercial lawsuit take?
The duration of a commercial lawsuit varies depending on the nature of the dispute, the scope of the case, and the court's workload. On average, a commercial case may be concluded in the first instance court within 1 to 2 years. However, this period may be extended due to expert reports, evidence collection, and appeal or cassation stages. To shorten the litigation process, it is highly effective to prepare all documents thoroughly, seek preventive legal consultancy, and consider settlement options.

11. How is a bankruptcy case filed and how does the process work?
A bankruptcy case can be filed by creditors against a merchant or company that is unable to pay its debts, or it can be initiated by the debtor themselves. The process begins with a bankruptcy petition submitted to the commercial court. The court examines the debtor’s financial situation, may request an expert report if necessary, and decides whether the debtor is truly bankrupt based on the hearings. If a bankruptcy ruling is issued, a bankruptcy estate is established and the debtor’s assets are liquidated. As the process is complex and requires precision, obtaining legal support is of great importance.

12. Under what conditions can a concordatum application be made?
A concordatum is a legal process that allows companies unable to pay their debts—but wishing to avoid bankruptcy—to restructure their obligations under court supervision and repay their debts. To apply, the debtor must submit financial documents showing their current situation, a list of creditors, a payment plan, and an activity report to the Commercial Court of First Instance. The court initially grants a temporary respite and appoints a concordatum commissioner. If the majority of creditors accept the proposal by the end of the process, the concordatum is officially approved.

13. Are the formations of limited and joint stock companies part of commercial law?
Yes, the formation of limited and joint stock companies is directly within the scope of commercial law. The preparation of the articles of association, registration of incorporation with the Trade Registry Office, capital commitments, and the obligations of shareholders are all carried out in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code. Since legal mistakes made during the establishment phase can lead to serious financial and legal risks in the future, it is recommended to seek support from an attorney specialized in commercial law during company formation.

14. What is the statute of limitations for filing a commercial lawsuit?
In commercial law, the statute of limitations for filing a lawsuit varies depending on the type of case. In general, the limitation period for commercial debts is 5 years. However, for transportation contracts, the period is 1 year, and for negotiable instruments such as bills of exchange and promissory notes, specific limitation periods apply. In unfair competition cases, the lawsuit must be filed within 1 year from the date the act is discovered, and in any case, within 3 years. Therefore, legal deadlines must be carefully assessed based on the specific circumstances of each case.

15. Is mediation mandatory under commercial law?
Yes, as of January 1, 2019, mediation has become a mandatory prerequisite for filing lawsuits in commercial disputes. In this context, when parties face a dispute related to commercial debt, contracts, or compensation, they cannot directly file a lawsuit; they must first apply for mediation. However, certain cases such as concordatum, bankruptcy, and similar proceedings are excluded from this requirement. If no agreement is reached during the mediation process, this is documented in an official report, and the right to file a lawsuit arises.

16. What is trade secret violation and how is it protected?
A trade secret refers to confidential and strategic information related to a company’s operations. This includes production methods, customer portfolios, financial statements, and pricing policies. Unauthorized sharing, use, or transfer of such information to third parties is considered a violation. In such cases, lawsuits for material and moral damages can be filed. Additionally, confidentiality (NDA) clauses can be included in commercial contracts to ensure the legal protection of trade secrets.

17. How should a contract be drafted under commercial law?
Contracts prepared in accordance with commercial law should clearly define the obligations of the parties, anticipate potential future disputes, and maintain a fair balance between the parties. Commercial contracts can be drafted for various purposes such as sales, services, distributorships, and business partnerships. The contract must include essential elements such as the date, party details, subject of the contract, payment and delivery terms, penalty clauses, termination conditions, and the competent court. It is recommended to seek support from an attorney specialized in this field when drafting a contract.

18. In commercial disputes, should litigation or mediation be preferred?
Mediation is often preferred in commercial disputes because it offers a fast and low-cost solution. Especially if the commercial relationship between the parties will continue, resolving the dispute through mediation instead of litigation is more appropriate. However, in some cases, filing a lawsuit may be necessary to strongly protect legal rights. If an agreement cannot be reached during the mediation process, it is possible to proceed with litigation. Each dispute should be evaluated individually, and a strategic path should be determined accordingly.

19. How is commercial law consultancy provided for foreign-capital companies?
Foreign-capital companies are required to act in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code and international agreements when they want to establish a company, make investments, or develop commercial relations in Turkey. Therefore, these companies require specialized legal consultancy. Support is provided in areas such as company formation, tax and work permits, compliance with local regulations, contract drafting, and commercial dispute management. Law firms with international experience can carry out this process in both Turkish and English.

20. What is the difference between commercial law and the law of obligations?
The law of obligations regulates debt relationships between individuals in a general framework, whereas commercial law governs specific debt relationships between merchants and commercial enterprises. In commercial law, there are special provisions such as commercial customs and practices, unfair competition, negotiable instruments, and company law. Additionally, the parties subject to commercial law have stricter responsibilities and duties of care. In summary, commercial law is the specialized application of the law of obligations in the field of commerce.

21. How do company mergers and acquisitions take place?
Company mergers occur when two or more companies unite under a single legal entity. An acquisition, on the other hand, involves one company purchasing the shares or assets of another company. In these processes, company valuations are conducted, share transfer agreements are prepared, and registration procedures are completed with the Trade Registry. These processes intersect with competition law, tax law, and company law. With proper legal structuring, both legal compliance is ensured and commercial risks are reduced.

22. How is a preliminary injunction obtained in commercial law?
In commercial lawsuits, a preliminary injunction is a temporary protective measure requested from the court either before or during the lawsuit in order to prevent the loss of a right or the occurrence of damage. For example, before filing a debt collection lawsuit, a precautionary attachment may be requested to prevent the debtor from disposing of their assets. If the court finds the injunction necessary, it grants the order. In general, providing a security deposit is required for the injunction to be enforced.

23. How is a lawsuit concerning negotiable instruments filed?
Lawsuits concerning negotiable instruments arise from debt relationships based on promissory notes, checks, or bills of exchange. In cases such as failure to collect, cancellation, loss, or forgery of these documents, a lawsuit can be filed before commercial courts. The claimant must present the original or a copy of the negotiable instrument and prove their right. These lawsuits are generally carried out together with enforcement procedures specific to negotiable instruments. Due to the technical details involved in this area, support from a specialized attorney is important.

24. Is commercial law consultancy necessary for companies engaged in online sales?
Yes, commercial law consultancy is very important for companies engaged in e-commerce. This is because online commerce involves many legal obligations such as consumer contracts, distance selling regulations, return and withdrawal rights, privacy policies, and the use of trade names and trademarks. Violations of these obligations may result in administrative fines and customer complaints. Acting in compliance with commercial law ensures legal security for e-commerce companies and protects brand reputation.

25. Are e-commerce companies subject to commercial law?
Yes, e-commerce companies are also subject to the Turkish Commercial Code. Like other merchants, these companies are required to keep commercial books, issue invoices, fulfill tax obligations, and register with the trade registry. Moreover, for online sales, they must comply with specific regulations such as the Distance Sales Regulation. Conducting commerce in a digital environment is no different from traditional commerce; it is only subject to some additional regulations.

26. Is there a difference between a trade name and a trademark?
Yes, a trade name and a trademark are distinct legal concepts. A trade name is the official name of a business registered with the Trade Registry and identifies the company. A trademark, on the other hand, is a sign that distinguishes a product or service. A trade name provides protection only within the registered geographic area, whereas a trademark is used within the classes and areas for which it is registered. Both rights are subject to different legal protections and must be registered separately.

27. What is the difference between a commercial court and a civil court of first instance?
Commercial courts are responsible for handling disputes of a commercial nature. These cases include company disputes, commercial contracts, bankruptcy and concordatum, unfair competition, and check/promissory note cases. Civil courts of first instance handle more general private law cases that are not commercial in nature. Whether a case is commercial or not directly affects which court it will be filed in.

28. What does a commercial lawyer do in Istanbul?
Commercial lawyers operating in Istanbul respond to all legal needs of commercial enterprises. They provide legal support in areas such as contract drafting, company formation, commercial debt collection, unfair competition lawsuits, trademark protection procedures, and bankruptcy and concordatum processes. They also follow up on lawsuits heard in commercial courts and secure the commercial life of companies.

29. How much does a commercial lawyer cost in Istanbul?
The fee of a commercial lawyer varies depending on the nature of the work, the complexity of the process, and the scope of the file. Although the 2025 fee schedule recommended by the Istanbul Bar Association is taken into account, each lawyer has the right to work independently. For example, the fee for a commercial debt collection case and a bankruptcy process will differ. The exact fee is determined after a meeting with the lawyer and the signing of a service agreement.

30. How much are the expenses for a commercial lawsuit?
Expenses to be paid in commercial lawsuits include items such as court fees, advance for expenses, expert and discovery fees. As of 2025, application fees and file costs, which are calculated based on the value of the case, may generally amount to several thousand Turkish Lira. In addition, expert fees and evidence collection costs determined by the court during the trial are also charged separately. The total cost may vary depending on the length of the process.

31. Is it necessary to have a lawsuit in order to receive consultancy from a commercial lawyer?
No. It is not necessary to have a lawsuit in order to receive consultancy from a commercial lawyer. Companies or individuals may obtain consultancy services from commercial lawyers in matters such as contract drafting, risk analysis, and compliance with legislative changes. Consultancy received before a lawsuit helps prevent potential disputes in the future.

32. How is the consultancy fee determined in commercial law?
The consultancy fee is generally determined on an hourly basis or per service. Pricing is based on the scope of services such as contract review, meetings, and report preparation. Some commercial lawyers offer monthly fixed consultancy packages. Fees cannot be below the minimum tariff recommended by the Istanbul Bar Association; however, the parties are free to agree on a higher amount.

33. How does monthly legal consultancy work?
Monthly consultancy service is offered to meet the ongoing legal needs of businesses. Within this scope, legal support is provided throughout the month—either unlimited or for a specified time—for matters such as contract review, legal risk analysis, employee relations, enforcement procedures, and similar issues. A fixed fee is agreed upon with the client in advance by contract.

34. Is commercial law consultancy necessary for companies operating in Istanbul?
Yes, commercial law consultancy is highly important for companies operating in a city like Istanbul, which has a large commercial volume. Matters such as drafting commercial contracts, managing receivable risks, and complying with competition regulations require professional support. In addition, companies that receive legal support can prevent many problems before they reach the litigation stage.

35. Is there a mandatory obligation to employ a lawyer in joint stock companies?
Yes. According to Article 35 of the Attorneyship Law No. 1136, joint stock companies with a capital of 250,000 TL or more are required to work with a contracted lawyer. Companies that do not fulfill this obligation may face administrative fines imposed by the Public Prosecutor’s Office. This obligation applies not only for litigation but also for general legal consultancy purposes.

36. What is the obligation of commercial companies to employ a lawyer?
The obligation to employ a lawyer in commercial companies applies to joint stock companies with a capital above a certain amount. In limited liability companies, there is no such obligation. However, it is recommended that companies with a high volume of commercial transactions obtain regular legal consultancy services.

37. How does the debt collection process work in Istanbul?
The debt collection process in Istanbul generally begins with sending a formal notice. If the debt is not paid, enforcement proceedings are initiated. Documents related to commercial debts (such as invoices, checks, promissory notes, and contracts) are used as evidence. A lien may be placed on the debtor’s assets to ensure collection. Legal support is important for the process to proceed quickly.

38. When is a commercial lawsuit filed in the case of a contract breach?
In commercial contracts, breaches are usually addressed first by sending a formal notice. If the breach continues, a lawsuit can be filed after gathering the necessary evidence. If mediation is a mandatory requirement before filing a lawsuit, the process should begin accordingly. Statute of limitations must be considered; for example, in general, a 5-year limitation period applies to such lawsuits.

39. How is an application made to a commercial court in Istanbul?
To file a lawsuit in a commercial court, the competent court is determined and an application is made with a petition. In Istanbul, depending on your or the defendant's place of residence, either the Istanbul Anadolu or Istanbul Çağlayan Commercial Court has jurisdiction. Documents related to the case, payment receipts, and if applicable, the mediation report must be attached to the petition.

40. How are internal partnership disputes resolved within a company?
Partnership disputes are usually resolved based on the articles of association, share ratios, and general assembly decisions. Although mediation and settlement methods are preferred initially, a lawsuit may be filed to request actions such as share transfer, expulsion from the company, or liquidation. Receiving support from a commercial law expert helps accelerate the process and makes it more manageable.

41. How is a lawsuit for expulsion from partnership filed?
A lawsuit for expulsion from partnership can be filed based on the provisions in the company's articles of association or on the existence of just cause. The dispute proceeds differently depending on whether the company is a joint stock or a limited liability company. The claimant is required to prove that the partner to be expelled has caused harm to the company, violated their obligations, or damaged the relationship of trust.

42. What should be considered when drafting a contract?
When drafting a contract, it is essential to include items such as the identity information of the parties, obligations, payment and delivery terms, penalty clauses, dispute resolution methods, and the competent court. The contract should be structured in a way that maintains balance between the parties. Instead of using standard templates, it is recommended to prepare a professional contract tailored to the specific situation.

43. Is legal support necessary when establishing a joint stock company in Istanbul?
Although it is not mandatory, obtaining legal support during the establishment of a joint stock company provides significant advantages. With professional assistance, the preparation of the articles of association, selection of the company name, registration procedures, and post-establishment legal notifications can be carried out accurately and completely. Legal mistakes are avoided, ensuring the company starts operations smoothly.

44. When is an expert report requested in commercial lawsuits?
An expert report is requested by court decision in lawsuits that require technical or commercial calculations. Especially in matters such as calculating commercial receivables, evaluating balance sheets, and assessing company value, a report from an expert is sought. The parties may object to the expert report; in such cases, an additional report may be requested or a new expert may be appointed.

45. How does the company transfer process work in Istanbul?
Company transfers may take the form of share transfer or business transfer. A contract is signed between the transferring and acquiring parties, and notary and trade registry procedures are completed. In the case of share transfers, a board of partners’ resolution, entry into the share ledger, and notarized agreements are required. Legal support should be obtained to ensure the legal process is handled correctly.

46. What is a non-compete clause and how is it applied?
A non-compete clause is a legal restriction that prohibits a person from engaging in similar activities for a certain period after leaving a job. It is enforced by including it in commercial contracts. The duration, region, and scope of activity must be determined within reasonable limits. Otherwise, it may be considered invalid. In case of violation, compensation may be claimed.

47. What legal risks arise from using an unregistered trademark?
The protection of unregistered trademarks is limited. If someone else registers the trademark, even the original user may not be able to claim rights over it. Furthermore, the right to file an unfair competition lawsuit is weakened. In order to legally secure a trademark, it must be registered with the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office.

48. Should a formal notice be sent before filing a lawsuit in commercial law?
Yes, sending a formal notice before filing a lawsuit in commercial law is important both legally and practically. This step gives the debtor one last opportunity to make the payment or fulfill their obligation. Presenting the notice during the trial strengthens your legal position. The notice should be prepared carefully and sent through a notary or via a lawyer.

49. In which areas are commercial contract disputes most common in Istanbul?
The most common commercial contract disputes in Istanbul occur in areas such as delivery of goods, late payments, breach of commitments, violation of confidentiality, and enforcement of penalty clauses. These types of disputes are particularly frequent in sectors like construction, technology, textile, and logistics. Therefore, it is very important to draft contracts clearly, in detail, and in compliance with the law.

50. Can a lawsuit be filed against general assembly resolutions in joint stock companies?
Yes, shareholders of a joint stock company can file a lawsuit for the annulment of general assembly resolutions. This lawsuit must be filed within 3 months from the date the resolution was passed. However, the shareholder filing the lawsuit must have attended the meeting and recorded their objection to the decision. Unfair decisions may be annulled by court order.

51. What are the consequences of not keeping commercial books properly?
Failure to keep commercial books in accordance with legal procedures may lead to negative consequences during tax inspections and legal proceedings. For example, during a lawsuit, if the books cannot be presented as evidence or if there are missing records, the opposing party's claims may become stronger. This situation may result in losing the case, facing criminal proceedings, administrative fines, and loss of commercial reputation.

52. How is internal audit and legal risk management carried out in commercial companies?
Internal audit in commercial companies is ensured through the regular review of contracts, employee compliance, compliance with regulations, and oversight of commercial transactions. To manage legal risks, continuous legal consultancy should be obtained, and every transaction should be reviewed within a legal framework. Thanks to monthly or periodic legal audits, risks can be identified in advance and eliminated.

53. What are the legal obligations of foreign-capital companies operating in Istanbul?
Foreign-capital companies operating in Istanbul are subject to the same obligations as domestic companies, such as tax, Social Security Institution (SGK), work permit, and trade registry registration. Additionally, depending on their area of activity, there may be extra obligations such as special permits, foreign capital notifications, and representation authorizations in Turkey. It is recommended that these companies obtain continuous consultancy to ensure compliance with Turkish law.

54. How is share transfer carried out in a limited liability company?
In a limited liability company, share transfer requires a board of partners’ resolution, the drafting of a share transfer agreement, and its notarization. The change must also be registered with the trade registry. For the share transfer to be valid, the requirements in the company’s articles of association and the Turkish Commercial Code must be fulfilled. Legal deficiencies may result in the transfer being invalid.

55. What is the difference between arbitration and commercial mediation in Istanbul?
Arbitration is a binding method of dispute resolution in which the parties agree to apply to an arbitral tribunal instead of a court. Mediation, on the other hand, is a process in which the parties voluntarily try to reach a mutual agreement with the help of a neutral mediator. An arbitration award has the effect of a court judgment, while mediation is binding only if an agreement is reached. In Istanbul, both methods are actively used in the resolution of commercial disputes.

56. What are the advantages of working with a commercial lawyer under contract?
Working with a commercial lawyer under contract ensures that all legal processes of the company are regularly and continuously monitored. It allows for swift action in matters such as contract review, enforcement procedures, litigation follow-up, and compliance with legal updates. It also provides the opportunity to intervene before unexpected legal risks arise and helps reduce the company’s overall legal costs.

57. Which court has jurisdiction over commercial law disputes in Istanbul?
In commercial law cases, the competent court is generally the court of the defendant’s place of residence or the one specified in the contract. In Istanbul, the Istanbul Anadolu or Istanbul Çağlayan Commercial Courts usually have jurisdiction. If there is a jurisdiction clause in the contract, that court is taken as the basis. Therefore, the jurisdiction clause must be carefully determined when drafting contracts.